What is psychological trauma? Causes, types, and how to treat it
. Trauma is part of the human experience. Although often invisible to the eye, its marks remain imprinted on the mind and body. Psychological trauma is an intense emotional response to events that threaten a person’s physical or emotional integrity. It can arise from situations such as abuse, accidents, losses, neglect, and even prolonged experiences of stress.

In this article, we will explore what psychological trauma is, its main causes, the different types of trauma, how it affects mental health, and how psychology can help in the treatment and overcoming of these emotional wounds.

What is psychological trauma?

Psychological trauma is a deep emotional wound resulting from an extremely disturbing experience. Unlike physical trauma, which is visible and generally treated more objectively, emotional trauma can be silent and persistent for years, affecting how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.

It occurs when the mind is exposed to such intense stress that it cannot process the experience in a healthy way. As a result, the nervous system enters a state of constant alert, which can generate a series of physical and emotional symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, fear, insomnia, and isolation.

Causes of psychological trauma

There is no single cause for psychological trauma. It can arise from single events or prolonged situations of suffering. Below are some of the main causes:

• Physical or sexual violence:
  Abuse, rape, physical assault, or threats can cause deep and lasting trauma.
• Accidents and catastrophes:
  Car accidents, natural disasters, fires, or mass traumatic events can leave serious emotional scars.
• Neglect and abandonment in childhood:
  Children who grow up in neglectful, abusive, or affectionate environments can develop traumas that impact their self-esteem and relationships.
• Loss and grief:
  The sudden or traumatic loss of loved ones can trigger trauma, especially when the person is unable to process their grief.
• Situations of war or urban violence:
  People exposed to contexts of war, armed conflict, or extreme violence in cities are also more susceptible to psychological trauma.
• Bullying and harassment:
  Recurring insults, public humiliation, or cyberbullying can cause significant emotional trauma.

It is important to highlight that each person reacts differently to the same situation. What is traumatic for one individual may not be for another, depending on their life history, emotional support, and internal resources.

Types of psychological trauma

Psychological trauma can be classified into different types, according to its origin and duration. Understanding this differentiation is essential for more appropriate treatment.

1. Acute trauma

It occurs after an isolated and impactful event, such as a car accident or a robbery. Symptoms appear soon after the event and can last for days or weeks.

2. Chronic trauma

It is related to prolonged exposure to stressful or abusive situations, such as in cases of domestic violence, child neglect, or ongoing bullying.

3. Complex trauma

This occurs when multiple traumatic events, usually in childhood, profoundly affect emotional development and identity formation.

4. Vicarious trauma

It is experienced by people who work directly with trauma victims (psychologists, doctors, police officers, etc.). They absorb the suffering of others and may develop symptoms similar to those of the victim.

Symptoms of psychological trauma

The symptoms of psychological trauma vary according to the intensity of the experience and the individual characteristics of the person. However, some signs are more common:

• Reliving the traumatic event through flashbacks or nightmares;
• Intense anxiety and panic attacks;
• A constant feeling of danger or threat;
• Irritability, anger, or emotional outbursts;
• Social isolation and difficulty trusting others;
• Sleep and eating disorders;
• Low self-esteem and feelings of guilt;
• Difficulty concentrating;
• Depression and a feeling of emptiness.

If these symptoms persist for more than a few weeks and interfere with daily life, it is essential to seek psychological help.

How psychological trauma affects the body and brain.

Trauma affects not only the mind, but also the body. Studies show that traumatic situations alter brain function, especially in areas such as the hippocampus (memory), amygdala (fear response), and prefrontal cortex (decision-making).

Furthermore, the body can remain in a state of hypervigilance, with a constant release of stress hormones such as cortisol. This can cause physical illnesses such as hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, chronic insomnia, and a weakened immune system.

These changes explain why many traumatized people feel they are stuck in “survival mode,” even years after the traumatic event.

How to treat psychological trauma

The good news is that psychological trauma can be treated. With the right support, it’s possible to reframe painful experiences and regain emotional balance. Psychotherapy is one of the main tools in this process.

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT helps patients identify dysfunctional thoughts and develop strategies for coping with difficult emotions. It is very effective in treating trauma.

2. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)

It is a globally recognized approach for treating trauma. It uses eye movements to help the brain process traumatic memories in a healthier way.

3. Compassion-Focused Trauma Therapy

It works with self-acceptance and reconnection with wounded inner parts, promoting safety and emotional support.

4. Psychodynamic psychotherapy

It helps to understand the impacts of trauma on life history and relationships, promoting a deep healing process.

5. Psychiatric support

In some cases, medication may be necessary to control symptoms such as insomnia, depression, or panic attacks.

The importance of acceptance and support network.

In addition to psychotherapy, support from family and friends is essential. Having someone to talk to, feeling safe, and not being judged is a fundamental part of the recovery process.

Validating someone’s pain and listening empathetically help ensure they don’t feel alone or misunderstood on their journey.

How can psychology help in overcoming trauma?

The psychologist’s role is to help the patient make sense of the traumatic experience, develop new coping mechanisms, and promote reconnection with themselves. The therapeutic process allows for:

• Understanding emotional triggers;
• Reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression;
• Rebuilding self-esteem and confidence;
• Developing emotional skills;
• Rewriting one’s personal narrative in a healthier way.

With time and proper treatment, it is possible to transform pain into growth, strengthening resilience and the ability to live more fully.

Final considerations

Psychological trauma can be devastating, but it’s not a life sentence. Understanding what it is, recognizing its signs, and seeking treatment are fundamental steps toward healing. Psychology offers effective tools to help traumatized individuals recover their mental health, relationships, and well-being.

If you or someone you know is suffering from the effects of emotional trauma, know that seeking help is an act of courage—and the first step toward liberation.